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Chapitre D'ouvrage Année : 2018

Arthropod Saliva and Its Role in Pathogen Transmission: Insect Saliva

Résumé

Skin provides the first line of defense against exoantigens including pathogens and allergens and is composed of a complex immune network that subsequently influences the systemic immune response. Arthropod saliva has profound effects on pathogen transmission, and the immunological response to saliva leads to both Type 1 and Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions, classically associated with allergic diseases. Such reactions result in immune deviation toward a Th2 response and a dysfunctional Th1 response, with significant consequences for the immune response to malaria and leishmaniasis parasites. In malaria, mast cells situated in the skin play a key role in linking these two responses producing histamine and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, master regulators of allergic inflammation. Increasing evidence from mouse models to natural infections in human populations provides support for considering the immune response to malaria within an allergic context and that saliva and its allergenic nature through direct response by immune effectors in the skin have significant immediate and long-term effects for the outcome of infection by malaria parasites and the development of clinical immunity. Together with tick saliva, sand fly saliva has been thoroughly investigated in numerous studies. It targets host pharmacology as well as its immune system. Sand fly salivary proteins act on different types of cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Therefore, these proteins modulate the innate immune response, leading to the production of mediators that favor the establishment of infection by Leishmania parasites. Besides that, it has been demonstrated that sand fly saliva induces apoptosis of neutrophils, increasing the parasite load in in vitro experiments. On the other hand, salivary proteins are immunogenic and induce humoral and cellular responses in mammalian hosts. These responses protect the host against an infection by Leishmania sp. because the delayed-type hypersensitivity response induced by after frequent exposure to bites, or by immunization with whole saliva or their proteins, creates an inhospitable environment that inhibits parasite growth. The robust protection against Leishmania conferred by immunity to several distinct salivary candidates suggests that their inclusion as part of a vaccine formulation may enhance its efficacy.
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Dates et versions

hal-02747578 , version 1 (03-06-2020)

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Citer

Claudia Demarta-Gatsi, Salaheddine Mécheri, Richard E. Paul. Arthropod Saliva and Its Role in Pathogen Transmission: Insect Saliva: Mosquito saliva, skin, allergy, and the outcome of Malaria infection - from mice to men. Skin and Arthropod Vectors, Elsevier, pp.83-119, 2018, Skin and Arthropod Vectors, ⟨10.1016/B978-0-12-811436-0.00004-6⟩. ⟨hal-02747578⟩
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