%0 Journal Article %T α-Helices in the Type III Secretion Effectors: A Prevalent Feature with Versatile Roles %+ Plateforme BioImagerie Ultrastructurale – Ultrastructural BioImaging Platform (UTechS UBI) %+ Department of Biology %+ Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH) %+ Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH) %A Gazi, Anastasia %A Kokkinidis, Michael %A Fadouloglou, Vasiliki %Z This work was co-financed by Greece and the European Union in the framework of the project “NATIONAL RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES ON INTEGRATED STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, DRUG SCREENING EFFORTS AND DRUG TARGET FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION—INSPIRED” from the EPAnEK 2014–2020 action, operational programme “Competitiveness-Entrepren-eurship-Innovation”. %Z We are grateful for support for equipment from the French Government Programme Investissements d’Avenir France BioImaging (FBI, N◦ANR-10-INSB-04-01) and the French gouvernement (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) Investissement d’Avenir programme, Laboratoire d’Excellence “Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases” (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) %< avec comité de lecture %@ 1661-6596 %J International Journal of Molecular Sciences %I MDPI %V 22 %N 11 %P 5412 %8 2021-06 %D 2021 %R 10.3390/ijms22115412 %K Type III Secretion System (T3SS) %K Type III Secretion effector (T3SE) %K dictionary of sec-ondary structure in proteins (DSSP) %K 4-α-helix bundle %K coiled coil %K Novel E3 Ligase (NEL) %K Transcrip-tion Activator-Like Effector (TALE) %K Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM] %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM] %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biophysics %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology %Z Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/VirologyJournal articles %X Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs) are multicomponent nanomachines located at the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Their main function is to transport bacterial proteins either extracellularly or directly into the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm. Type III Secretion effectors (T3SEs), latest to be secreted T3S substrates, are destined to act at the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm and occasionally at the nucleus, hijacking cellular processes through mimicking eukaryotic proteins. A broad range of functions is attributed to T3SEs, ranging from the manipulation of the host cell’s metabolism for the benefit of the bacterium to bypassing the host’s defense mechanisms. To perform this broad range of manipulations, T3SEs have evolved numerous novel folds that are compatible with some basic requirements: they should be able to easily unfold, pass through the narrow T3SS channel, and refold to an active form when on the other side. In this review, the various folds of T3SEs are presented with the emphasis placed on the functional and structural importance of α-helices and helical domains. %G English %2 https://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-03242193/document %2 https://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-03242193/file/ijms-22-05412.pdf %L pasteur-03242193 %U https://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-03242193 %~ PASTEUR %~ ANR