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            <funder>This study was carried out with financial assistance from the Institut Pasteur, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-URA 2171), the French National Research Agency (ANR-08-MIE-016), the EU (NoE EuroPathoGenomics, LSHB-CT-2005-512061), and the Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (Equipe FRM 2007). ZB is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Roux foundation and funding from JANSSEN-CILAG.</funder>
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              <classCode scheme="mesh">Integrons</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Lac Operon</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Plasmids</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Recombinant Fusion Proteins</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">SOS Response, Genetics</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Time Factors</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Vibrio cholerae</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="mesh">Conjugation, Genetic</classCode>
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              <p>Conjugation is one mechanism for intra-and inter-species horizontal gene transfer among bacteria. Conjugative elements have been instrumental in many bacterial species to face the threat of antibiotics, by allowing them to evolve and adapt to these hostile conditions. Conjugative plasmids are transferred to plasmidless recipient cells as single-stranded DNA. We used lacZ and gfp fusions to address whether conjugation induces the SOS response and the integron integrase. The SOS response controls a series of genes responsible for DNA damage repair, which can lead to recombination and mutagenesis. In this manuscript, we show that conjugative transfer of ssDNA induces the bacterial SOS stress response, unless an anti-SOS factor is present to alleviate this response. We also show that integron integrases are up-regulated during this process, resulting in increased cassette rearrangements. Moreover, the data we obtained using broad and narrow host range plasmids strongly suggests that plasmid transfer, even abortive, can trigger chromosomal gene rearrangements and transcriptional switches in the recipient cell. Our results highlight the importance of environments concentrating disparate bacterial communities as reactors for extensive genetic adaptation of bacteria.</p>
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